# References

## Bay Area Transit Network

The map below shows the full BART and Caltrain networks. Stations included in 
this analysis are all stops on both systems except SFO/Millbrae (BART) and 
Stanford (Caltrain).

```{raw} html
<div style="margin-bottom:2rem; display:flex; gap:20px; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center;">

  <div style="max-width:600px;">
    <img 
      src="_static/bart_map.png"
      alt="BART map"
      style="width:100%; border:0.5px solid #D3D1C7; border-radius:8px;"
    />
    <p style="font-size:12px; color:#888; text-align:center;">
      BART system map. Source: BART (2025).
    </p>
  </div>

  <div style="max-width:600px;">
    <img 
      src="_static/caltrain_service_map.png"
      alt="Caltrain map"
      style="width:100%; border:0.5px solid #D3D1C7; border-radius:8px;"
    />
    <p style="font-size:12px; color:#888; text-align:center;">
      Caltrain service map. Source: Caltrain (2025).
    </p>
  </div>

</div>
```

---

## Data Sources

**BART Ridership.** Bay Area Rapid Transit. (2025). *Average weekday exits by 
station, FY2025 (July 2024–June 2025)*. Retrieved from 
https://www.bart.gov/about/reports/ridership

**Caltrain Ridership.** Caltrain. (2025). *FY2025 Annual Ridership Report, 
Table 3: Average mid-week ridership by station*. Retrieved from 
https://www.caltrain.com/about/stats-and-reports

**U.S. Census Bureau.** (2024). *American Community Survey 5-year estimates, 
2024*. Variables: median household income (B19013), vehicle availability 
(B08201), race and ethnicity (B03002). Retrieved via Census API.

**U.S. Census Bureau.** (2024). *TIGER/Line Shapefiles: Census tract boundaries, 
California*. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html

**OpenStreetMap contributors.** (2025). *Amenity data for Bay Area transit 
station buffers*. Retrieved via Overpass API. Data available under the Open 
Database License: https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright

## Methods and Tools

**Python packages.** GeoPandas 0.14, Plotly 5.x, Pandas 2.x, NumPy 1.x, 
SciPy 1.x, Scikit-learn 1.x.

**Walkability threshold.** The half-mile buffer follows the standard used in: 
Hsiao, S. (1997). Street-level transit feeder service design. *Journal of 
Transportation Engineering, 123*(4), 310–314.

**Gini coefficient applied to amenities.** Adapted from: 
Talen, E., & Anselin, L. (1998). Assessing spatial equity: An evaluation of 
measures of accessibility to public playgrounds. *Environment and Planning A, 
30*(4), 595–613.

**FDR correction.** Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false 
discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. *Journal 
of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 57*(1), 289–300.

**Glass's Delta.** Glass, G. V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of 
research. *Educational Researcher, 5*(10), 3–8.

## Related Work

Grengs, J. (2010). Job accessibility and the modal mismatch in Detroit. 
*Journal of Transport Geography, 18*(1), 42–54.

Karner, A., & Niemeier, D. (2013). Civil rights guidance and equity analysis 
methods for regional transportation plans. *Journal of Transport Geography, 33*, 
227–236.

Walker, J. (2011). *Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can 
Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives*. Island Press.